Los desafíos de la filosofía para el siglo XXI -- ¿La filosofía tiene alguna función en la sociedad? -- ¿Incide la filosofía mexicana en la sociedad actual? -- Diez tesis sobre el papel de la filosofía en la educación y la sociedad -- La filosofía y las humanidades y su no lugar en la reforma de la educación media superior puesta en marcha por la Secretaría de Educación Pública -- La tarea de las humanidades hoy -- En torno al libro (...) Ser y quehacer de la universidad. Ciencia, poder, eticidad, de Francisco Piñon -- El edificio de la razón, de Jaime Labastida -- Tres retos de la sociedad por venir, de Luis Villoro -- Ética y política, de Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez. (shrink)

¿Qué define a la generación de los que se encuentran en la antesala de ejercer el poder en las sociedades occidentales? ¿Cómo será el mundo bajo su influencia? ¿En qué medida la crisis económica les ha hecho despertar de su letargo? Los miembros de la generación dormida tienen en común el haberse cuestionado sus vidas ante la insatisfacción de su existencia, y eso, a pesar de haber nacido en un mundo repleto de oportunidades. Una insatisfacción profunda que va más allá (...) de lo económico y que se ha visto evidenciada ante la inconsistencia moral del mundo en el que vivimos. Muchos de sus miembros han iniciado una revolución interior capaz de hacer cambiar sus opciones de vida y, con ello, los modelos sociales. (shrink)

This research aims to monitor the current situation of confinement in Spanish society motivated by COVID-19 crisis. For this, a study of its socio-family, psychological and educational impact is conducted. The sample (N= 165 families, 89.1% nuclear families with children living in the same household and 20.5% with a relative in a risk group) comes from the Aragonese region (Spain). The instruments used are: Beck-II Depression Inventory (BDI-II); Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright’s Empathy Quotient (EQ) with its cognitive empathy subscale, as well (...) as an ad-hoc questionnaire, reviewed by a panel of experts, to learn about socio-personal, family and housing conditions, use of technology, involvement in school tasks and household, and working condition. The multiple regression analysis results show that the anxiety derived from the current situation is explained in 23.1% (p< 0.001) by the variables: gender (t = -2.31,p= 0.022), level of Internet consumption (t = 2.139,p= 0.034), increase of family conflicts (t = 2.980,p= 0.003) and help with school tasks (t = 2.980,p= 0.040). On the other hand, cognitive empathy is explained in 24.6% (p< 0.001) by the variables: gender (t = -4.690,p< 0.001) and mother’s hours of teleworking (t = 2.101,p= 0.037). All this leads us to conclusions related to preventive systems of social, psychological, and educational aspects to better serve families. These conclusions can be also be transferred to the future with an inclusive care to family settings from those three parameters. (shrink)

Academic dishonesty has serious consequences for human lives, social values, and economy. The main aim of the study was to explore a model of relations between personal and cultural variables and academic dishonesty. The participants in the study were N = 2,586 individuals from nine countries (Pakistan, Israel, Italy, India, the USA, Peru, Romania, Ghana, and Poland). The authors administered the Academic Dishonesty Scale to measure academic dishonesty, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale to measure distress, the Almost Perfect Scale – (...) Revised to measure perfectionism, the Brief Self-Control Scale to measure self-control, and the Singelis Scale to measure independent self-construal. The results showed that the theoretical model was well fitted to the dataset in six countries: Pakistan, the United States, Romania, Ghana, Israel, and Poland. However, it was not well fitted in Italy, India, and Peru. Our results also showed that perfectionism significantly predicted academic dishonesty, but not in all countries. Self-control significantly predicted cheating, falsification, and plagiarism in the USA. Moreover, we found that distress was related to cheating o0nly in Ghana. Finally, independent self-construal predicted academic dishonesty. Our findings provide a cross-cultural contribution to the debate on academic dishonesty by highlighting its significant predictors and may inform interventions aimed at eliminating it. Our results can be used in preventing and curbing academic dishonesty. Knowledge on cross-cultural differences can be useful in international education for example, as an indicator accepting or relaxing attitude toward academic dishonesty in students from different countries. (shrink)

After the global economic collapse triggered by the Great Recession, there has been an increased interest in the potential psychological implications of periods of economic decline. Recent evidence suggests that negative personal experiences linked to the economic crisis may lead to diminished generalized trust (i.e., the belief that most of the people of the society are honest and can be trusted). Adding to the growing literature on the psychological consequences of the economic crisis, we propose that the perceived personal impact (...) of the economic crisis not only would undermine generalized trust but also may lead to increased interpersonal trust (i.e., directed to specific and close people) and depersonalized in-group trust (i.e., directed to individuals who, while strangers, belong to the same group [e.g., social class]). Across three studies (N = 1379), we tested these central hypotheses and ascertained whether the perceived personal impact of the crisis would predict these types of trust (assessed using questionnaire and behavioral measures) independent of individuals’ socioeconomic status. Non-experimental data from Study 1 revealed that a higher perceived personal impact of the crisis is related to lower levels of generalized trust and higher levels of interpersonal trust. These effects were independent of participants’ socioeconomic status. Non-experimental data from Study 2 replicated the findings obtained in Study 1 and also showed a positive association between the perceived personal impact of the crisis and depersonalized in-group trust. This pattern of results emerged even after controlling for socioeconomic status, gender, age, political orientation, religiosity, and unemployment status. In Study 3, using an experimental design, we found that the salience of a possible economic downturn led to decreased generalized trust and increased interpersonal and depersonalized in-group trust—independently of socioeconomic status—compared with the control condition. These results challenge the conventional wisdom that economic crises invariably undermine trust in others. The implications of the present research as well as future research directions are discussed. (shrink)

Bíos y zoé son dos nociones que se encuentran en la base de las reflexiones contemporáneas tanto en la bioética como en biopolítica. Su resonancia proviene de una experiencia originaria de lo viviente que aparece desde el pensamiento antiguo en Grecia, incluso antes que la filosofía. Los di- versos derroteros de estas dos ideas han marcado las múltiples maneras en que la modernidad occidental ha comprendido la vida pero, al mismo tiempo, estas formas de comprensión ocultan su complejidad a través (...) de una tendencia a reducirlas a objetos de la racionalidad instrumental. (shrink)

En el marco de los treinta años de la publicación en castellano de la segunda edición de la Teoría pura del derecho y de los setenta y cinco años de la primera publicación en alemán de dicha obra, del profesor austriaco Hans Kelsen, el Programa de Derecho de la Facultad de Relaciones Internacionales y Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, celebró, en octubre de 2009, el Congreso Académico Internacional Hans Kelsen: una Teoría Pura (...) del Derecho, del cual se originó el libro que lleva el mismo nombre. La relevancia que produjo dicho evento en el ámbito académico, así como el interés despertado para la generación de un espacio similar con otros autores de importancia para la ciencia jurídica, se establecieron como el punto de encuentro y la razón de producción de aquello que lleva el nombre hoy de jornadas Académicas Internacionales de Argumentación y Filosofía del Derecho que, adicionalmente, sirvieron para una modulación de actividades desarrollas en el Foro de Interpretación, Argumentación y Decisión judicial del año 2010, llevado a cabo en nuestra Universidad, con presencia del profesor portugués Boaventura de Sousa Santos. (shrink)

This article explores universal normative bases that could help to shape a workable legal construct that would facilitate a global use of advance directives. Although I believe that advance directives are of universal character, my primary aim in approaching this issue is to remain realistic. I will make three claims. First, I will argue that the principles of autonomy, dignity and informed consent, embodied in the Oviedo Convention and the UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, could arguably be regarded (...) as universal bases for the global use of advance directives. Second, I will demonstrate that, despite the apparent consensus of ethical authorities in support of their global use, it is unlikely, for the time being, that such consensus could lead to unqualified legal recognition of advance directives, because of different understandings of the nature of the international rules, meanings of autonomy and dignity which are context-specific and culture-specific, and existing imperfections that make advance directives either unworkable or hardly applicable in practice. The third claim suggests that the fact that the concept of the advance directive is not universally shared does not mean that it should not become so, but never as the only option in managing incompetent patients. A way to proceed is to prioritize work on developing higher standards in managing incompetent patients and on progressing towards the realization of universal human rights in the sphere of bioethics, by advocating a universal, legally binding international convention that would outlaw human rights violations in end-of-life decision-making. (shrink)

Journal of Social Philosophy, Volume 53, Issue 3, Page 421-440, Fall 2022.

En el presente artículo se tratará de reflexionar acerca del estatus ontológico del concepto de identidad personal a partir de las así denominadas propuestas «narrativistas» de los filósofos Daniel Dennett y Clément Rosset. No se pretende tanto abordar la pregunta sobre la existencia última de dicha identidad cuanto hacerse cargo de cómo se nos aparece, las similitudes que presenta el proceso de construcción identitaria con el proceso narrativo y el papel activo tanto de uno mismo como de los demás en (...) su edificación. (shrink)

Republican theorists have paid little attention to the normative problems of secession conflicts. So far, there is no such thing as a democratic republican theory of right of secession ; nor any comprehensive analysis of current TRS has ever been undertaken from a democratic republican point of view. This article tries to fill this second gap as a first step in order to fill that first one. In doing so, it shows how secession conflicts pose threats for two core democratic (...) republican values: freedom and inclusion. The threats are, concretely, those of exclusion, blackmailing minorities, arbitrary permanent majorities, and instability. The article also shows how, due to their respective pro-unionist or pro-secessionist biases, no current TRS seems to be able to handle those threats; and briefly outlines how a democratic republican TRS, based on a non-unilateralist logic, could be developed. (shrink)

This article explores universal normative bases that could help to shape a workable legal construct that would facilitate a global use of advance directives. Although I believe that advance directives are of universal character, my primary aim in approaching this issue is to remain realistic. I will make three claims. First, I will argue that the principles of autonomy, dignity and informed consent, embodied in the Oviedo Convention and the UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, could arguably be regarded (...) as universal bases for the global use of advance directives. Second, I will demonstrate that, despite the apparent consensus of ethical authorities in support of their global use, it is unlikely, for the time being, that such consensus could lead to unqualified legal recognition of advance directives, because of different understandings of the nature of the international rules, meanings of autonomy and dignity which are context‐specific and culture‐specific, and existing imperfections that make advance directives either unworkable or hardly applicable in practice. The third claim suggests that the fact that the concept of the advance directive is not universally shared does not mean that it should not become so, but never as the only option in managing incompetent patients. A way to proceed is to prioritize work on developing higher standards in managing incompetent patients and on progressing towards the realization of universal human rights in the sphere of bioethics, by advocating a universal, legally binding international convention that would outlaw human rights violations in end‐of‐life decision‐making. (shrink)

Los modelos de escritura están experimentando grandes transformaciones como consecuencia de la revolución tecnológica contemporánea. Aunque los cibertextos y los hipertextos no son realidades exclusivas de la cultura digital, pues se dan en contextos culturales precedentes, aportan formas de pensamiento alternativas, que pasan por implicaciones epistemológicas –el pensamiento en red–, estéticas –reformulación de la autoría– y éticas –exigen un compromiso por parte del receptor. En este trabajo se abordará dicha coyuntura comparando las escrituras literarias Hypertext Hotel (1992) y Leyenda mayor (...) de Ian Curtis (2017) con las escrituras audiovisuales +101 (2012) y Quién lo impide (2018) con el objetivo de comprender las transformaciones que suponen tanto en la experiencia estética como en el campo cultural digital. Para ello, se empleará una metodología comparatista que tenga en cuenta las concomitancias entre las dos series de escrituras. (shrink)

This article analyses Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s most recent novel, Americanah (2013), which brings to the fore the complex issues faced by female migrants in a globalized world. Given the centrality of digital platforms in Americanah and their impact and ubiquity in modern societies, the essay examines cyberspace as a tool for identity formation, specifically of Ifemelu, the novel’s Nigerian female protagonist, and as a platform that enhances transnational solidarity by offering female migrants the opportunity to be heard and gain agency. (...) By examining different forms of social discrimination Ifemelu encounters during her long stay in America, and the agency she gains by setting up a blog to openly express her views and those of her readers, my analysis shows the importance of an intersectional approach for understanding and encompassing the multidimensionality of women’s experiences in today’s interconnected world. The article concludes that Americanah is a representative example of transmodern fiction that captures both the challenges and the opportunities created by the mobility, transnational and transcultural reality of our times. (shrink)

Most countries are facing the societal challenging need for a new quarantine period due to the increasing number of COVID-19 infections, indicating a second or even third wave of disease. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the surface existential issues that are typically less present in people's focal attention. The first aim of this study was to identify some of these existential struggles such as increased feelings of loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God. Secondly, we explored the association of (...) these factors with the increased fear of coronavirus during the quarantine. Data was collected from 1,340 Romanian adults using a cross-sectional web-based survey design in the midst of the national lockdown period of COVID-19. Participants completed measures of COVID-19 related loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God twice; first, thinking about the period before the pandemic, and second, for the current situation during the quarantine. Then, they completed a fear of COVID-19 measure. Participants perceived an increase in the feelings of loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God during the confinement. Furthermore, gender, knowing someone diagnosed with COVID-19, loneliness, death obsession, and preoccupation with God predicted fear of COVID-19. Interestingly, days in isolation did not predict fear of COVID-19 nor were associated with feelings of loneliness. In line with existential positive psychology, these results highlight the importance of policies and interventions targeting the experience of loneliness, spiritual beliefs, and particularly those aimed to promote death acceptance, in order to alleviate intense fear of COVID-19. (shrink)

Legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania establish several types of material liability of workers engaged in labour (professional) relations: material liability applied pursuant to the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the LC) and material liability applied pursuant to the Law on Public Service of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the LPC). In the present article, theoretical and practical aspects of material liability of Lithuanian public servants for material damage caused are (...) analysed. The authors of the article study the conditions for the application of the material liability and identify the main circumstances that must be determined in applying this type of legal compulsion. Furthermore, the authors investigate the relation between the material and disciplinary liabilities, study the limits of the application of labour law norms (that regulate material liability of employees) and civil law norms (regulating personal civil liability) in professional legal relations, identify the means and procedure for solving disputes arising in the application of the material liability. Practical mistakes in the application of the material liability of public servants and violations are analysed on the basis of a rather sparse case-law of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania related to the material liability. (shrink)

Cultural diversity is an increasingly important phenomenon that affects not only social and political harmony but also the cohesion and efficiency of organisations. The problems that firms have with regard to managing cultural diversity have been abundantly studied in recent decades from the perspectives of management theory and moral philosophy, but there are still open questions that require deeper reflection and broader empirical analysis. Managing cultural diversity in organisations is of prime importance because it involves harmonising different values, beliefs, credos (...) and customs, and, in essence, human identity. Taking into consideration these cultural differences and harmonising them is a human rights issue and a central dimension of corporate social responsibility. Here we are going to focus on theoretical reflection about the ideas that lie behind corporate policies and organisational initiatives that deal with cultural diversity. The aim of our paper is twofold: to present a critical reflection on the ideology of tolerance, and propose an ideology of respect for dealing with cultural diversity. We start by presenting the plurality of interpretations of the concept of ideology, and justify its applicability to the field of cultural diversity. We then reflect on the differences between “tolerance” and “respect” and identifying the practical implications for managing cultural diversity. And finally, we propose a culture of respect that goes beyond tolerance and complements and legitimizes the “business case” perspective for managing cultural diversity in companies. The ideology of respect is based on the Kantian tradition and on the discursive approach where rational dialogue and argumentation are considered the legitimate process for creating a culture of intercultural respect. From this theoretical discussion of the key philosophical concepts we can suggest some general principles for managing cultural diversity in organisations. (shrink)

Nos acercamos a la figura de Gabriel Riesco Fernández del Campo por ser una de las más prolíficas de la planificación urbana de España y El Salvador del siglo XX, como autor de más de 180 planes. Tras el estudio de su biografía y de algunas de sus obras podemos situarlo en la más alta Administración pública de ambos países, donde su trabajo fue determinante para su ordenación territorial, en los años 50 y tras el terremoto de 1986 en Centroamérica, (...) y en España durante el desarrollismo y la constitución de las Comunidades Autónomas. Asimismo fue asesor de Naciones Unidas para la ordenación territorial en El Salvador. Su obra arquitectónica es aún más desconocida. (shrink)

Barbara Vetter, Potentiality. From Dispositions to Modality, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, 321pp., ISBN: 978–0–19–871431–6.

El año 2001 representó un momento de quiebre en la historia reciente argentina. Las repercusiones de la crisis económica, social y de representatividad política se hicieron presentes en todo el espectro cultural. El presente artículo parte de una hipótesis central: la omnipresencia del sonido durante la crisis explica el giro hacia lo sonoro en la producción musical posterior. Nuestro estudio se estructurará en tres partes: en una primera sección, examinaremos los sonidos de la crisis y su historicidad. En las otras (...) dos secciones, analizaremos las obras de compositores y colectivos artísticos durante la crisis y la poscrisis – BAS (Buenos Aires Sonora), Nicolás Varchausky, Juan Pampín y Carmen Baliero, entre otros ejemplos. Este análisis nos permitirá evaluar cómo los sonidos de la crisis y esta particular experiencia de la escucha permearon dentro del campo sonoro y musical. (shrink)

Desde una perspectiva compleja aparecen claros cuestionamientos a los fundamentos y los razonamientos de la Economía Neoclásica (que es lo que se enseña en Chile cuando se enseña Economía), por ejemplo, la noción de emergencia: “el todo es más y menos que la suma de la partes” (Morin, 1981), la sociedad no es sólo un agregado de individuos. El conocimiento es incompleto: no hay información absoluta. Los contextos son determinantes para la comprensión de lo estudiado. Las esferas del conocimiento no (...) están aisladas, surge la necesidad de la transdisciplinariedad. Desde el teorema de la incompletitud de Gödel las demostraciones matemáticas no aseguran la veracidad de los resultados ni la ausencia de subjetividad (además de haber comportamientos, como el humano, que no son reductibles a la lógica matemática). Es necesario replantearse las comprensiones de la Economía y su enseñanza. Diseñar nuevas cátedras de economía que incluyan otros contenidos, metodologías y reflexiones epistemológicas, ya que, dada la complejidad de los tiempos que afrontamos, y la importancia de las decisiones que se toman en nombre de la Economía, no podemos contar con profesionales que cuenten con una visión reduccionista de los fenómenos económicos. (shrink)

En esta investigación se propuso y aplicó una evaluación exploratoria de la sustentabilidad de tres socio-ecosistemas ubicados en el Matorral y Bosque Esclerófilo (MBE) de Chile central: 1. Los Yuyos (75 ha.), Colliguay, V Región; 2. Tantehue (110 ha.), Provincia Melipilla, Región Metropolitana y 3. Panamá (138 ha.), Provincia de Colchagua, VI Región. Sustentabilidad fue definida como la interacción de 3 tipos de sustentabilidades: ecológica, económica y social. La sustentabilidad ecológica fue definida como: 1. Relación entre la Máxima Explotación Sustentable (...) y la Explotación Efectiva, 2. Grado de Naturalidad (Machado, 2004) y 3. Grado de Intervención Antrópica (González, 2000). La sustentabilidad económica fue definida como: 1. Rentabilidad y 2. Sostenibilidad de la Rentabilidad en el Tiempo. Y la sustentabilidad social fue definida como: 1. Nivel Socioeconómico, 2. Traspaso Generacional y 3. Nivel Educativo del núcleo familiar. En Colliguay se encontró un escenario general de “Sustentabilidad” y en Tantehue y Panamá se encontró una situación de “Insustentabilidad”. Se concluye que los socio-ecosistemas estudiados en el MBE de Chile central están en una situación crítica de sustentabilidad por lo que se enfatiza la importancia de conservar este tipo de ecosistema. (shrink)

A nivel nacional e internacional los desembarques de pesca se han incrementado cuantiosamente en los últimos decenios generando el colapso de diversas pesquerías. Los testimonios de los miembros de la comunidad de pescadores artesanales de la V región son uno de los ejemplos concretos de este proceso. Se argumentó que estas crisis eran provocadas por la “Tragedia de los Comunes” y que era necesario establecer Cuotas Individuales Transferibles (CIT) para asegurar los derechos de propiedad. La versión nacional, con la ley (...) 19.713, estableció la privatización del acceso a la pesca con los Límites Máximos de Captura por Armador (LMCA), para el sector industrial, y, posteriormente, con la ley 19.849, los Regímenes Artesanales de Extracción (RAE), para el sector artesanal. El 2012 vencen estas leyes y los pescadores artesanales deberían tener un rol significativo en la determinación de la nueva administración pesquera, por cuanto ellos, al depender de los ecosistemas marinos para su subsistencia, tienen genuino interés en la sustentablidad del manejo pesquero. (shrink)